The Taj Mahal History

1. History Behind The Taj Mahal
2. How Old Is Taj Mahal

• Taj Mahal, Agra Overview. What is widely considered as the most beautiful building in the world, Taj Mahal is located in the historical city of Agra.Called as the 'symbol of love', it was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as a memorial for his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• History The Taj is a symbol of India’s rich history. Built in the 17th Century by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his beloved wife - Mumtaz Mahal, the Taj is an emblem of the Mughal civilization on the Indian Soil.

Taj Mahal calligrapher was Amanat Khan Shirazi, his name occurs at the end of an inscription on one of the gates of the Taj. Poet Ghiyasuddin had designed the verses on the tombstone, while Ismail Khan Afridi of Turkey was the dome maker. The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being 'the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage'. It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India's rich history.

' The interior of the building is dimly lit through pierced marble lattices and contains a virtuoso display of carved marble. Externally the building gains an ethereal quality from its marble facings, which respond with extraordinary subtlety to changing light and weather.' Sir Banister Fletcher.

A History of Architecture. P624, 630 The battle of Panipat laid the foundation of the Mughal dynasty in Agra. The loss of the Afghan Ruler, Sikandar Lodhi became the turning point that piloted the nation’s forays into the world of architectural majesty. Globally renowned as the city of the Taj Mahal, this royal Mughal city has many other monuments too that emphasise the high point of Mughal architecture.

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The founder of the Mughal dynasty, Babur, laid out the first formal Persian garden on the banks of the river Yamuna. Akbar raised the towering ramparts of the great Red Fort and within its walls Jahangir built rose-red palaces, courts and gardens. However, the crowning glory of the city is obviously The Taj,a monument of an imagination turned into a 'symbol of eternal love'.The Taj represents India to the world embellished by Shah Jahan with marble mosques, palaces and pavilions of gem-inlaid white marble. In 1631 AD, Shah Jahan, the Emperor during the Mughal Empire's period of greatest prosperity, was grief stricken when his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal died during the birth of their fourtheenth child, Gauhar Ara Begum. The court chronicles of ShahJahan's grief illustrate the love story traditionally held as an inspiration for the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian architecture and earlier Mughal architecture. Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including; the Gur-e Amir (the tomb of Timur, progenitor of the Mughal dynasty, in Samarkand), Humayun's Tomb and Shah Jahan's own Jama Masjid in Delhi.

While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone, Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-preciou stones and buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement. The Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb (sometimes called the Baby Taj ), that Nur Jahan built for her father, Mirza Ghiyas Beg was the first Mughal structure to be built entirely of marble. This particular monument marks the transition from the red sandstone structures to those in white marble and is believed to be the precursor of the magnificent Taj Mahal. However, the architects evolved this masterpiece from the closest model completed some 60 years before, at Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi, by his wife, Hamida Begum. According to Koch, who spent a decade digging to the very beginnings of the famous monument and measuring every inch of the vast complex,this was exactly what the building-obsessed emperor had wanted to create: a monument that would be unrivalled in beauty and grandeur for all generations to come.' It will,' in the words of his court historian Muhammad Amin Qazwini, 'be a masterpiece for ages to come, increasing the amazement of all humanity'.

'As a historian I was a little sceptical about the love angle,' confesses Koch. But his biography, Padshahnama, written by a series of carefully chosen historians, goes into extraordinary detail about the emperor's broken heart, including how his beard turned white overnight and how he shared with his begum not just passion but a meeting of minds as well. Shah Jahan set about constructing his 'masterpiece for ages to come', Koc says, with utmost deliberation. Just the selection of the site, for instance, took him nearly six months. The prevailing fashion in the royal capital Agra was for river front havelis to be turned into garden tombs. But the Taj wasn't going to be just one of the scores of garden tombs. 'Shah Jahan knew & nothing makes an impression stronger than sheer size, so he decided to build a complex that was almost a kilometre long,' Koch says.

'It's the biggest mausoleum if not in the world, at least in Asia.' Twenty thousand people were deployed to work on it. The material was brought in from all over India and central Asia and it took a fleet of 1000 elephants to transport it to the site. According to a court historian Abdul Hamid Lahori, a network of wells was laid down along the river line and was filled with stones and other solid materials in order to lay a strong foundation of this grand mausoleum. The chief architect of Taj was a Persian named Ustad Isha Khan (a well known architect of his time) who was assisted by other architects to make Taj Mahal a profound fusion of Persian, Turkish, Indian and Islamic architecture. To make it most gorgeous architectural piece, as many as 28 precious and semi-precious stones were used in the ornamentation with their best combination. But the thing, dominantly used in ornamentation was the famous snow white marble that was found in Makrana (Rajasthan).

Other semi-precious stones were brought from distant region of India, Ceylon and Afghanistan; Jasper from Punjab, jade and crystal from China, turquoise from Tibet, lapis lazuli & sapphire from Arabia and diamonds from Panna. Red sand stones of different tints that constitute the base were requisitioned from neighboring quarries of Sikri, Dholpur etc. Over all, so exquisite is the workmanship that it is said “having been designed by the giants and finished by jewelers“. Emperor Shah Jahan himself described the Taj in these words: Should guilty seek asylum here, Like one pardoned, he becomes free from sin. Should a sinner make his way to this mansion, All his past sins are to be washed away.

The sight of this mansion creates sorrowing sighs, And the sun and the moon shed tears from their eyes. In this world this edifice has been made, To display thereby the creator's glory! By the late 19th century, parts of the buildings had fallen badly into disrepair. During the time of the Indian rebellion of 1857, the Taj Mahal was defaced by British soldiers and government officials, who chiseled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls. At the end of the 19th century, British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a massive restoration project, which was completed in 1908. He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber, modeled after one in a Cairo mosque.

During this time the garden was remodeled with British-style lawns that are still in place today.

The name ‘Taj Mahal’ is translated to mean ‘Crown of Palaces’ in Persian language and it undoubtedly is. This perfectly symmetrical building is an ode to love from a time of kings and queens, kingdoms and its people. With grand entrances, beautiful gardens and engraved with semi-precious stones, Islamic inscriptions, floral paintings and motifs; the Taj Mahal reflects the grandeur and unswerving love of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to his queen, and is one of the most visited monuments of the world today. Let’s Begin With The Taj Mahal Facts Now, Shall We? Fact 1: The Taj Mahal was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal who died in the childbirth. She is known to have been in labour for 30 hours before conceiving their 14th child after which she lost her life.

Fact 2: Shah Jahan christened Arjumand Bano Begum as Mumtaz Mahal meaning the “Jewel Of The Palace”. Her maiden name was Arjumand Bano Begum. Fact 3: Mumtaz was the third wife of Emperor Shah Jahan but was the closest to him. From military fields to hunting campaigns, Mumtaz Mahal always accompanied Shah Jahan; she was no less than a friend, philosopher and guide to the emperor.

Fact 4: An epitome of love, the Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built for Mumtaz and her tomb rests within its walls. After the emperor’s death, his tomb was laid beside hers. You can see 99 names of Allah inscribed calligraphically around the tombs. Fact 5: The Taj Mahal is the collective product of over a 1,000 elephants and 20,000 labourers including artists, painters, architects, stone cutters, craftsmen, calligraphers, dome builders, masons and many others. The mausoleum took 20 years with the construction starting in 1632 AD and completed in 1648 AD; the outer courtyard and its cloisters were subsequently added and completed in 1653 AD. The living quarters of these many immigrant labourers is now a nearby colony built from the remnants of their stay. With over a 100 million votes, The Taj Mahal was listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007.

Fact 6: The Taj Mahal is a gift of love with silver entrances, gold leaved designs, engraved with semi-precious stones, with floral paintings and motifs. The emperor made sure that the Taj Mahal lived up to her name the Jewel of the Palace. Built in white marble, the whole mausoleum is studded with 28 types of precious and semi-precious stones. Shah Jahan imported turquoise from Tibet, Jade from China, Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan, Sapphire from Sri Lanka, Carnelian from Arabia and the white marble hailed from Makrana, Rajasthan.

Unfortunately, most of these semi-precious stones were ripped off during the reign of the British rule in India. Fact 7: The Taj Mahal is a colossal monument, covering an area of 42 acres in total and is to be taller than a 20 storey building with a height of 171 metres (561 feet) and is one of the most symmetrical monuments in the world. There’s also a beautiful garden, a central pool that perfectly reflects the Taj Mahal in its waters, an east-facing mosque that is functional to this day and a west-facing guesthouse guest house built for royal families visiting the kingdom. The lush gardens encircling the Taj Mahal portrays the love of the queen for gardens while the River Yamuna ripples by, narrating the saga of eternal love. Fact 8: It cost Shah Jahan 32 million Indian rupees to build this marvellous memorial for wife, an approximate 52.8 billion Indian rupees today. Fact 9: The Persian architect of the Taj Mahal, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri built the symmetrical mansion with its 4 minarets flanking the domed tomb, with them titling outwards such that the towers would fall away from the mausoleum in case of an earthquake.

The Taj Mahal is a wonderful amalgamation of Indian, Islamic and Persian style of architecture. Fact 10: An infinite number of beautifully carved inscriptions from the Quran adorn the inner walls of the Taj Mahal. It was the work of the calligrapher Abd-al Haqq. He was honoured by the emperor the title Amānat Khan Shirazi. The calligraphy inside the great domed hall of the Taj Mahal beholds Amānat Khan’s signature at its base. It reads: “Finished with His help; written by the humble faqīr Amānat Khan Šīrāzī in the year 1048 heǰrī, corresponding to the twelfth year of the auspicious reign of Shah Jahān.” Fact 11: Amānat Khan is also known to have laid the foundation for another historical monument of India, The Red Fort in Delhi.

This stands proof against the age-old myth that Shah Jahan had ordered to cut-off the hands of all those who built the Taj Mahal after the construction was completed. Fact 12: The two tombs visible to public aren’t the actual tombs of the Emperor Shan Jahan and his Queen Mumtaz Mahal. They are gorgeously ornamented cenotaphs inlaid with gemstones and inscriptions, although the actual toms lie exactly under the cenotaphs at garden Level. Fact 13: According to Muslim laws, graves cannot be adorned with elaborate decoration and have to laid such that they face the direction of the Mecca. This why the actual tombs of the the royal couple are designed to follow religious protocols. The larger cenotaph is laid in the honour of the Emperor Shah Jahan while the smaller cenotaph is in reverence to his beloved Queen Mumtaz Mahal. Fact 14: Shah Jahan wanted to build an identical black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna with the two structures connected by a bridge.

It was where his tomb would lay. Mumtaz Mahal was a princess from Persian nobility. Local folklore has it that Shah Jahan built the white Taj for his wife since she was fair-skinned and built the Taj Mahal as a ode to her flawless beauty. On the other hand, it is said that he wished to build a Black Taj Mahal for himself due to his dark complexion. Fact 15: The Black Taj Mahal could never become a reality since Shah Jahan’s son, Aurangzeb, sentenced his ailing father to house arrest until death. He was then buried next to Mumtaz, but it said that he was never meant to be buried there. You can see how Mumtaz’s cenotaph is right at the centre and in sync with the symmetry of the building, whereas Shah Jahan’s cenotaph is on the west and oddly more than thirty years later faltering the perfect symmetry of the Taj Mahal.

Fact 16: Aurangzeb was fighting for the succession over the throne against more favoured brother, Dara Shikoh. He then killed Dara and also his other brothers who were fighting the same battles and declared himself as the emperor.

History Behind The Taj Mahal

Ironically, both Aurangzeb and Dara where the children of Mumtaz Mahal. Fact 17: The River Yamuna has been the ultimate powerhouse for this gorgeous mausoleum all these years.

The foundation of the Taj Mahal is made of Timber, and the water from the river provides it the right amount of moisture to retain the structure and evade the erosion of one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Fact 18: This white beauty changes colour with every phase of the day and as per folklore, every changing colour exhibits the changing moods of the empress. As the day advances, the Taj Mahal changes colour from soft grey to light pink in mornings, pale yellow to a pearly cream in the noon, a sparkling golden at sunset, and transform into a cool shade of milky silver on a full moon’s night. The Taj Mahal takes on a beautiful pink in the early mornings of Agra. Fact 19: The Taj Mahal has been on a constant decline for decades now, thanks to the horrendous air pollution in Agra and the government’s lack of efforts put-in to conserve what is globally recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Due to various chemical pollutants in the air, the marble is depleting and is turning yellow by the day. Fact 20: The Mughal Empire flourished during the 30 years of Shah Jahan’s reign in India.

Apart from the Taj Mahal, he also built the following monuments in India:. Red Fort or Lal Quila (Delhi).

Sections of the Agra Fort. Jama Masjid (Delhi). Moti Masjid or Pearl Mosque (Lahore). Shalimar Gardens (Lahore). Sections of the Lahore Fort (Lahore). Jahangir Mausoleum.

Takht-e-Taus. Shahjahan Mosque (Thatta) You can also visit the Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri located at close proximity to the Taj Mahal on your visit to this historic and symmetrical wonder. Fact 21: This majestic Mughal ruler was deeply loved by his people.

But he spent the last eight years of his life as a prisoner of his son, Aurangzeb in the Shah Burj of the Agra Fort. He wasn’t allowed to meet anybody in the prison except his beloved daughter Jahanara Begum. It was said that Shah Jahan would always gaze at the Taj Mahal from his prison window, until his final day of death, January 22, 1666.

How Old Is Taj Mahal

Maybe the heart-touching story of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz is what inspired the Nobel-prize-winning Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore to describe the Taj Mahal as “An eternal teardrop on the cheek of time.”.

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